Passive Sentences

Active sentence is the sentence that the subject of the sentence is an act of the perpetrator, while the passive sentence is the sentence that the subject is not theperpetrators of an act. The subject is the recipient of the result of an action.

Compare the following sentences:

     * Active: Susi typing this letter yesterday
     * Passive: This letter was typed by Susie yesterday
     * Active: My cat kills a mouse
     * Passive: A rat was killed by my cat

Note:
Use passive voice if the perpetrator acts not so important.

Example:

     * The tower was built in 1955

If we need to mention who the perpetrators of an act, use the word by (by)

Example:

     * The tower has been built by local governments in 1955

The general formula to form a passive sentence

     * Active: S + Verb (Word Work) + Object + etc.
     * Passive: Object + to be + Verb 3 (Work Words Form III) (+ by the subject) + etc.

To be used

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Things that need to be known and remembered

    1. To say a sentence in the passive voice, tenses do not change. Tenses must be the same if we say so in active form. What changed his only verb.
    2. The verb has no object (intransitive verb) can not be converted into the passive voice, like, crying, boiling, rising, etc.

Examples of active and passive sentences 

1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Some Forms of Passive Sentences1) Passive Sentence imperativeFormulas:Let + object + be + Words Work Form III

            * Help the poor (active)
            * Let the poor be helped (passive)2) Passive infinitive: It is / was timeFormulas:It is / was time for + object + to be + verb III

            * It is time to send the letter (active)
            * It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)3) Negative imperative Passive SentenceFormulas:Subject + be + verb + III notes to + infinitive(Verb III is often used is: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

    * Dont wait for me (active)
    * You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of PerceptionFormulaSubject + be + adjectives + Pls + subject + be + verb III(Verb used are: taste, smell, feel)

    * This Tastes delicious food (active)
    * This food is delicious Pls it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by That-clauseThe verb used is: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, Decide, Expect, find out, intend, plan, points out, presume, Prove, regret, reports, say, think, understand.

    * We regretted That the principal Had to resign from office (active)
    * It was regretted That the principal Had to resign from office (passive)6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

    * I Consider her very pretty (active)
    * Considered She is very pretty (passive)7) Passive Sentence with two objects

    * He Gave me a book (active)
    * A book was given to me by uterus (passive 1)
    * I was given a book by uterus (passive 2)

8) Sentence Passive Verbs with gerund

    * The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
    * The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentenceIn a passive sentence, if the perpetrator of a long expression, the subject should be placed at the end of the sentence after by.

    * We were the resource persons all Surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
    * I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.10) Passive Sentence with unique verbsThe verb used is: require, deserve, need

    * This wall needs to be painted (same)
    * This wall needs painting.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." Or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes.This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

or example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will  She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can  She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must  She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall  She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may  She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.	She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today	+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-

At work	At home
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:

Me	You
"I teach English online."	She said she teaches English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

We use asked to report questions:-

For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

We use told with an object.

For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

!Note - Here me is the object.

We usually use said without an object.

For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If said is used with an object we must include to ;

For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

Note - We usually use told.

For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.

These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.

For example:

He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

Narrative Text

Generic Structure

Narrative Text adalah salah satu jenis teks (genre) yang biasa digunakan untuk menulis dongeng atau cerita maupun kejadian diwaktu lampau yang mengandung permasalahan (complication), yang mempunyai langkah-langkah retorika (generic structure) yang terdiri dari: orientation, complication, resolution dan re-orientation jika ada (optional).

The Generic Structure of Narrative Text

Orientation: (Beginning or introduction)	Introduces main characters, setting and time The opening paragraph introduces characters / participants of the story and sets the scene (it answers the questions who, when, what and where)
Complication: (Middle)	The problem happens among the characters It is about the problems which involve the main characters in the story developed
Resolution: (Ending)	The problem is dissolved It is about how the problems in the story are solved (better or worse). Here, the main characters find ways to solve the problems.

The Social Function of Narrative Texts

The purpose is to entertain, create, stimulate emotions, motivate, give and teach readers.
A narrative text usually has a moral value.

A narrative text may include folktales, myths, legends, etc.

Example:

BANYUWANGI

Orientation	Once upon a time, there was a king reigned in East Javanamed Sindureja. He had a prime minister named Sidapaksa. Sidapaksa had a very beautiful wife. Sidapaksa loved his wife deeply. They lived in complete happiness. However, Sidapaksa’s mother didn’t like her daughter in law. Each day she tried to think a way to separate Sidapaksa from his wife.
Complication	One day, King Sindureja asked Sidapaksa to search for a bud of a magic flower on Mount Ijen. It was a long journey. The assignment from the king was so important and urgent. Sidapaksa had to leave his pregnant wife. Not long afterwards, a son was born. The baby’s birth gave much happiness to the young mother. However, one day, while young mother was bathing, her evil mother–in-law threw the baby into the river. Knowing that her baby had disappeared, the young mother was very sad. She could neither eat nor sleep. She became very ill. Two years passed and Sidapaksa returned from his journey. He succeeded in doing his duty. Just as he was about to enter his house, her mother told him that his wife had thrown their baby into the river. Sidapaksa believed her mother’s story. He was too angry to use his common sense. He drew his keris and approached her wife who was lying weak on her bed. “Ah, Wicked woman. Tell me why you threw our new-born child into the river. Tell me!” he said in a rough and angry voice. “Oh my dearest husband, I am innocent. I love you, and our baby. I didn’t kill our child. If you don’t believe me, carry me to the river. I will prove that I didn’t do it” replied his wife calmly. Sidapaksa took her wife to the edge of the river. Suddenly, his wife leaped up and threw herself into the river. “Oh my God! How will I know who killed my child?” moaned Sidupaksa.
Resolution	Then he looked down the water. Suddenly, two pure white flower buds appeared, one longer and taller than the other. A sweet fragrance came from them. “Sidapaksa, come and have a look here! Beside me is our child. He himself will tell you who drowned him,” the taller one spoke. “Father, my mother is innocent. Grandmother threw me into the river. Now I am happy because my beloved mother has come with me,” The smaller one spoke. Then, the two flowers vanished into the water. They left their fragrance behind. Since then, people call the city on its banks of the riverBanyuwangi. Banyu means water and wangi means fragrant.

Grammar

Ciri kebahasaan (lexica grammatical) dalam teks naratif di antaranya yaitu:

• Menggunakan Past Tense namun dapat pula dengan present tense.
• Nouns phrases sebagai subject maupun object.
• Content verbs bentuk lampau (past verbs) seperti, reigned, ordered, cursed, turned, married, dsb.
• Adjectives yang menerangkan keadaan kata benda di baliknya dan membentuk noun phrases, misalnya, long black hair, two red apples, dsb.
• Time sequence conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian, misalnya then, before that, after that, soon, when, finally, first, dsb.
• Time expressions (ungkapan waktu) seperti once upon a time, long ago, oneday, dsb.

The Simple Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense is used to talk an action that happened in the past. It is used to tell a story.

The Simple Past Tense Pattern :

Subject + to be (was/were)

Subject + verb past

To show past events you can use some adverbs of time, such as Yesterday,Last week/days…….month…...year, Two months ago, Five years …., A week ……, This morning, etc

Examples:

• Ratih was here yesterday.
• They were my classmates in elementary school.
• Lina ate pizza a week ago
• I did this homework this morning

Vocabulary

Here are some verbs taken from the text:

Verb base	Verb Past	Verb base	Verb Past
Believe Pass Give Become Ask Love Reign Have Come vanish	Believed Passed gave Became Asked Loved Reigned Had Came Vanished	Throw Return Tell Wick Say Take Leap Kill Look leave	Threw Returned Told Wicked Said Took Leaped Killed Looked Left

Note:

Become = menjadi
Reign = berkuasa
Vanish = lenyap
Wick = jahat

Leap = melompat

Noun Phrases

Noun Phrases are phrases that function in the same way as nouns, (subjects, direct objects or indirect objects)

The noun phrases in table 1 consist of adjective + noun, meanwhile noun phrases in table 2 consist of noun + noun

Adjective + Noun	Noun + Noun
complex form medical facility diagnostic procedures primary hospitals tertiary instructions modern technology acute care restricted group fast food	team effort patient’s welfare hospital personnel’s specialty hospitals patient population rehabilitation department entrance door cash register order number